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Artykuł ten bada historyczną głębię cywilizacji Iranu, prezentując dowody potwierdzające uznanie Iranu za jedno z najstarszych nieprzerwanych państw na Ziemi. Na podstawie analizy znalezisk archeologicznych, źródeł historycznych oraz najnowszych rankingów dokonanych przez organizacje międzynarodowe, artykuł odtwarza niezwykłą trajektorię Iranu od okresu protoelamickiego po wzrost kolejnych imperiów aż do dnia dzisiejszego. Szczególną uwagę poświęca się cywilizacji elamickiej, innowacjom Imperium Achaemenidów oraz koncepcji "ciągłej suwerenności", która wyróżnia Iran w globalnych rankingach długowieczności narodowej.

This article presents a comprehensive biography of Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in human history whose work fundamentally transformed humanity's understanding of the physical universe. Based on analysis of historical documents, scientific treatises, and biographical accounts, this article reconstructs Newton's trajectory from a solitary Cambridge scholar to President of the Royal Society and Master of the Mint. Particular attention is devoted to his groundbreaking contributions to physics, mathematics, optics, and astronomy, as well as his lesser-known pursuits in alchemy, theology, and chronology. The complex personality of Newton—secretive, intensely focused, and intellectually relentless—emerges as inseparable from the revolutionary ideas that laid the foundation for classical mechanics and dominated scientific thought for three centuries.

ROMANIA'S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE MUNICH PERIOD

THE END OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Discussions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries on the right to convene a Pan-Orthodox Council

Mystical politics as a contradictio in adjecto. In the margins of the book by Aristotle Papanikolaou

Michael Laitman and the Bnei Baruch Group

Science and Christianity: A Clash of Ways of Thinking

Reception of Gnostic ideas in Russian literature of the early XX century

From conspiracy to Ritual: a brief outline of the transformation of the concept of "magic" in the post-Soviet space

Between "margin of appreciation" and neutrality: the Lautsi case and a new balance in European protection of religious freedom

"THE BASQUE COUNTRY AND FREEDOM", OR LONGEVITY IN THE WORLD OF TERRORISM

VACUUM LABORATORIES IN OUTER SPACE