The aim of the work is to characterize triquesters-ornaments of women's headdresses of the Scythian period, common in the territory of Gorny Altai and Tuva no later than the middle of the first millennium BC. A significant part of them comes from undisturbed burials of the Scythian period on the lower Katun (Chultukov Log-1, Barangol-1, -2). The decor of triquesters reflects all the variety of images of the Scythian-Siberian visual tradition. Localization of these items on the territory of the Northern Altai allows us to consider them as one of the special features of the subject complex of the northern local version of the Pazyryk archaeological culture.

Keywords: head ornaments of the Scythian period in the Altai Mountains, Scythian-Siberian visual tradition, Pazyryk culture.

Introduction

Triquesters are one of the historical and cultural features of the traditional subject complex of the Early Iron Age in Southern Siberia. This term was introduced by A.D. Grach to characterize the relief golden rounded ornaments of Tuva (Sagly Bazhi II, mound 3, Duzherlig Khovuzu I, mound 2), resembling a cockade with the image of the heads of birds of prey [1980, p.35, 36]. On the lower Katun River, in the object complex of the Mima IV burial mound, complex finials of massive metal hairpins were called triquesters (Fig. 1, 3; 2, 3; 3, 1). They consisted of an iron rod and a bronze cast base with zoomorphic and solar ornaments, covered with gold foil (Burykina, 1989, p. 69; Kireev, 1994, p. 41). In our opinion, the term "triquester" can be used to describe the complex construction of massive hairpins made of various materials (gold, bronze, iron) and decorated in the Scythian-Siberian visual tradition. The composition can consist of three, two or one images, as well as a solar vortex-like ornament with a certain direction. A whole series of such objects was discovered during the study of burial complexes of the Scythian period in the Northern Altai (Cherny Anuy-3, Pokrovsky Log-5, Surtayka-1) [Mo-

Figure 1. Distribution of triquesters in the Northern Altai.

1-Surtayka-1; 2-Maima XIX; 3-Maima IV; 4-6-Chultukov Log-1; 7-9-Barangol-1, -2; 10-Verh-Elanda-2; 11-Cherny Anuy-3.

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lodin and Borodovsky, 1994, p. 24; Gelmel et al., 1996, p. 111, Fig. 1, 5; Kiryushin and Stepanova, 1999; Abdulganeev, 2005, p. 44, fig. 1, 8; Borodovsky et al., 2008, p. 54, fig. 18, 5]. In the lower and middle Katun basins, they are found in women's burials of the northern local variant of the Pazyryk archaeological culture, along with black-colored headdresses and wigs (Kubarev, 1987, p. 135; Fenomen..., 2000, p. 78, 163-167) (Fig. 1). The most representative collection of triquesters comes from the burial mounds of the Pazyryk archaeological site. Scythian age groups of the right bank of the Lower Katun mountain valley Chultukov Log-1 (mound 9, 11, 12, 37, 46, 47), Barangol-1 (mound 2), -2 (mound 7).

2. Triquesters of the Northern Altai.

1-Barangol-2; 2, 8, 9-Chultukov Log-1; 3 - Maima IV; 4, 6 - Barangol-1; 5 - Surtayka-1; 7 - Pokrovsky Log-5; 10 - Black Anui-3; 11-Maima XIX; 12-Verh-Elanda-2.

Funerary complexes with triquesters in the Lower Katun mountain valley

In the burial mound 13 of the Mima IV burial ground, the remains of a headdress with a frame of iron rods were found next to the skull of the buried woman. Judging by the fragments preserved under the influence of bronze oxide, the headdress was made of felt and had the shape of a cap. One core of the frame passed inside horizontally from the middle of the occipital part to the visor, a massive bronze plaque covered with gold was attached to it, with the image of the heads of three rams (Fig. 2, 3; 3, 1). Another rod rose vertically above the visor and was crowned with a fluted pommel made of wood and covered with gold foil [Akimov et al., 2008, p. 29]. Iron hairpins were also found in the burial [Burykina, 1989, p. 69; Kireev, 1994, p. 41].

In burial mound 1 of the Barangol-1 burial ground, four of the buried were laid with their heads facing south-west, on their right side with their legs bent at the knees. Skeleton 1 belonged to a man aged 60-65 years. The accompanying inventory is a poorly preserved iron dagger with a length of approx. 20 cm. Skeleton 2 (women 45-50 years old) it was located to the right of the first one. At the head of the bed lay on its side a pitcher-shaped ceramic vessel, decorated with a carved hatched net around the neck. There were also found disturbed mutton vertebrae and an iron knife. At the head of the bed were three iron rod pins arranged in a fan, which served to fix the hairstyle. Two of them are nail-shaped, with caps covered with gold foil, the third-with a curly ending in the form of a bird. Two bronze wire S-shaped earrings were found on the skull. Skeleton 3, very poorly preserved in wet soil-

3. Triquesters of the Northern Altai with images of rams (1), griffins (2), wolves (3) and solar ornaments (4).

1-Maima IV; 2, 3-Barangol-1; 4-Chultukov Log-1.

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those belonging to a child 5-6 years old. A lamellar round bronze plaque of poor preservation was found in the area of the skull. At the head of the skeleton 4 (women 18-20 years old). in the left corner of the grave pit, there was a pitcher-shaped ceramic vessel, decorated with a carved grid and S-shaped swirls on the body. Not far from the facial bones of the skull were lamb vertebrae and a lamellar iron knife, near the parietal - a stone grater. A bronze looped earring covered with gold foil was found on the skull, and a plate - shaped disc-shaped bronze plaque of poor preservation was found next to it. Near the right femur of the buried lay a massive medal-shaped mirror in a cover, which may have been embroidered with four maral tusks. Nearby, caked iron objects were found. Under the mirror was a fluted pendant made from the horn process of a maral deer and a miniature cauldron-shaped pendant made of bronze, while another similar one was located at the right kneecap. An iron object of very poor preservation (dagger?) is fixed under the femur.

In mound 7 of the Barangol-2 burial ground, three women were buried, laid in a row, on the right side, with their heads facing south-south-east, with their legs slightly bent at the knees. At the head of each buried woman was an earthen vessel. Near the central jug there is a long bronze hairpin with a wooden carved ball at the end, decorated with vertical cuts in the form of poppy head slices.

Skeleton 1 was located at the eastern edge of the grave. On the bones of the skull was a massive bronze decoration in the form of a profile image of a bird's head with a long beak. A similar product is known in the Early Scythian complex Maiemir (Kiryushin and Tishkin, 1997, p. 217, Fig. 70, 1). Two bone tubes of poor preservation were found in the area of the buried woman's knees.

Skeleton 2 was located in the center of the grave. On the skull, the remains of a complex headdress in the form of soot decay of conical outlines were preserved. Apparently, this headdress is similar to the cap made of organic materials found in the Pazyryk burial ground Ak-Alakha-3 on the Ukok plateau [Phenomenon..., 2000, p. 57-119; Polos'mak, 2001, p. 143-160]. In the long conical end of the rotten wood was a long bronze hairpin with a round wooden carved pommel, similar to the one that was located near the vessels. Such hairpins are one of the typical elements of Pazyryk head ornaments. They were found in mound 9 of the Yustyd XIII burial ground (Kubarev, 1991, p. 111; Table LXII, 5). In the frontal part of the headdress was a massive bronze triquester covered with gold foil, with the image of the head of a long-eared griffin (see Fig. 2, 1). It was attached to a long iron rod perpendicular to a bronze stud. The occipital part of the headdress was decorated with small fragments of tin foil, six plates were preserved. Above the facial bones of the buried woman were the remains of sacrificial food, represented by part of the vertebral column of a ram. Next to it was an iron plate knife.

Skeleton 3 was located near the western edge of the grave. In the headboard, the remains of a complex headdress were found in the form of a powerful soot trail of conical outlines (they did not overlap the bones of the skull). Opposite the facial bones were the remains of sacrificial food-ribs, several vertebrae, and the pelvic bones of a ram. Next to it was an iron knife with a ringed tip. In the area of the chest and waist of the buried woman, decay from bone plates with a width of approx. 3 cm, up to 10 cm long. Three fragments of tin foil were preserved in the waist area. Between the kneecaps were five horned arrowheads. One of them had a" chevron-shaped " mark on the side face.

In mound 9 of the Chultukov Log-1 burial ground, a soot mark was left near the skull of the buried woman, most likely from a wig. In the headboard there was a bronze hairpin (9x0. 3 cm) with a carved rim in the upper part (see Figs.2, 9), slightly to the left - an iron one. An iron product was found near the soot trail. Opposite the facial bones of the buried woman was a pitcher-shaped vessel with two riveted handles and holes. On the left side, opposite the neck of the buried woman, lay an iron knife and an open ringed earring made of white gold. To the right of the pelvic bones, under a layer of loam, a bronze mirror was found, originally located in a fur cover. The bronze oxide preserved the remains of hairs oriented along the long axis of the object. The looped handle of the mirror had a sub-trapezoidal shape.

In mound 12 of the Chultukov Log-1 burial ground, above the skull of the buried woman, at an angle to it and to each other, there were bronze and iron hairpins 10 cm long with a disc-shaped bronze end. Near them, the black paint from the wig could be traced. Opposite the facial bones of the buried lay the vertebrae of a ram. Fragments of white beads were found along the edge of the lower jaw. Obviously, it was the lining of his clothing. In the area of the thoracic region, beads of poor preservation in purple, red, green and blue colors were located. There was a small piece of iron behind the parietal bones. Separate parts of a silver looped earring were found under the skull. Between the bones of the legs of the buried preserved dark decay, probably from the felt bedding. A bronze knife lay at his feet.

In mound 37 of the Chultukov Log-1 burial ground, reddish-colored rot (28x20 cm) was found opposite the bones of the right hand of the buried woman. Perhaps it's the remains of a wooden cutting dish. Opposite the facial bones were the bones of the fat-tailed part of the ram and a bronze plate knife with a hole in the butt.-

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ke. In the headboard there was an iron rod-shaped hairpin with a rounded pommel (the size of the rod is 13x0. 5 cm, the diameter of the pommel is 2.2 cm). Six beads were found in the neck area. Some of them are made of rock crystal, as well as beads from mound 2 of the Chultukov Log-1 burial ground. On the skull were found ringed earrings made of non-ferrous metal (silver or electrum) with soldered loops, in one of which a bronze ring was suspended in one and a half turns. On the right kneecap, under a fragment of the longitudinal ceiling, there was a bronze disc-shaped mirror with a diameter of 7 cm. At the edges of the ledge were two small round holes, in the central part-two more oval ones. A similar mirror is known in the Karakol mound, excavated by St. John the Baptist. 5]. Mirrors with two holes on the edge were found among the accompanying inventory at the burial grounds of Maltalu IV (mound 8) [Kubarev, 1992, p. 195, Tables XLVIII, 7], Yustyd XII (mound 8). 13) [Kubarev, 1991, Tables XXXIV, 4], Tytkesken VI (mound 27) [Kiryushin and Stepanova, 1999].

In border 46 of the Chulgukov Log-1 burial ground, an elongated soot spot of considerable size, 2.5 - 3 cm thick, was located above the skull of the buried woman. Most likely, these are the remains of a wig made of organic material with dye. Metal hairpins were placed on the soot patch at an angle to each other. One of them is in the form of a bronze hairpin (14x0. 3 cm) with organic decay at the end, probably from a rounded wooden pommel. Next to it was a massive bronze triquester with a diameter of 2 cm, covered with gold foil and having an iron rod 12 cm long. A looped earring and a bronze pendant were found below the left temporal bones. The same pendant was found on the other side under the skull. To the right of the skull was an unornamented ceramic vessel. A little lower down lay the bones of the lower spine of the ram and a bronze knife, which was located with its point in the opposite direction from the facial bones of the buried woman. A bronze mirror was found near the right femur, which was originally located in a multi-layered cover made of wood, birch bark and leather.

In mound 47 of the Chultukov Log-1 burial ground, four skeletons were found in a grave with a wooden lining made of birch poles. The dead were laid in a row, in a crouched position on their right side, with their heads facing southeast. Skeleton 1 belonged to an adult female. Above the skull there is a soot stain, apparently from a wig, and above it, in the upper right corner of the grave-two more. A triquester with a raised bronze cap with a diameter of 2.5 cm and an iron rod 12 cm long was found in the soot spot. A bronze mirror with a loop-shaped handle was placed in the area of the pelvic bones. Skeleton 2 belonged to a child buried with arms slightly bent at the elbows and legs slightly bent at the knees. Two bronze earrings with beads in a loop were found on the cervical spine and under the skull. In the area of the shin of the buried lay the bones of a sacrificial ram and two iron plate knives. Skeleton 3 belonged to a teenager buried with his arms stretched out along his torso and his legs bent at the knees. Traces of a pewter or silver tiara were found on the headboard. Under the lower jaw was a looped earring made of white metal. Above the skull were the bones of a sacrificial ram and an iron knife with a ringed tip. Skeleton 4 belonged to an infant. Only the spine, ribs, and skull were preserved. At the head of the bed were two vessels: a ceramic one with a spiked ornament on the corolla and a badly burned rat-shaped one.

All triquesters were found in women's burials of the second half of the first millennium BC, in single, paired and collective burials. Most often, these finds were accompanied by the remains of complex headdresses-wigs of dark soot color.

Images on triquesters

Ornithomorphic, zoomorphic, solar and plant motifs are represented in the triquest ornaments (see Figure 2).Among the images, almost all images of the Scythian-Siberian visual tradition are present (zoomorphic: ungulates - rams, predatory - wolves; ornithomorphic - eagles and griffins). Their semantics are quite diverse.

Images of sheep heads (Maima IV) or an entire animal (Pokrovsky Log-5) may well reflect the farn, a symbol of good luck in the early nomad era (Borodovsky, 2004). They are one of the enduring motifs of the Scythian-Siberian visual tradition. At the same time, the zoomorphic decoration on triquesters from Maima IV and Pokrovsky Log-5 (see Figures 2, 3, 7) finds very close parallels in the artistic wood carvings of the Pazyryk culture bearers [Kubarev, 1992, Tables XXIII, 8, 9] and zoomorphic ring compositions from Ordos [Bogdanov, 2006, p. 138, Table XXIII, 1].

Predators depicted on the Barangol-1 product (see Fig. 2, 4), show the greatest similarity with the image of the wolf, which was also widely used in the art of early nomads of Central Asia (Kubarev and Cheremisin, 1987, pp. 110-112). The image of three griffins with outstretched wings (see Figures 2, 2) is a reproduction of the most typical Pazyryk image. Along with this, the composition itself has interesting parallels in the Vedic hymns (Akhtarvaveda) dedicated to death. They mention three eagles perched on top of the upper firmament filled with amrita -

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a drink of immortality prepared from the soma plant [Borodovsky, 2003, p. 7]. Compositionally, the images of rams, raptors, and griffins are similar to the decor of hemispherical cone-shaped patches in Central Asia (Bogdanov, 2006, p. 139; Tables XXIV, 1, 4).

In the ancient population of Central and Northern Europe, the triquester was one of the symbols of the movement of the Sun, representing the main positions of the sun at sunrise, at zenith and at sunset. The solar ornament on the lower Katun ornaments has a different orientation: on some - right - hand (see Figs. 2, 5, 8), on others-left-hand (see Figs. 2, 1). This may correspond to the movement of the sun in the sky. Various images are associated with the orientation features of the solar decor, which allows us to touch on some issues of the semantics of these compositions. The combination of the image of a long-eared griffin with the direction opposite to the natural movement of the sun (Barangolus-2; see Figs. 2, 1) may correspond to Chthonic images, the symbol of which was darkness.

A triquester from Chultukov Log-1 with a solar decoration "according to the sun" has rows of rounded protrusions on some rays (see Fig. 2, 8; 3, 4). Such an element in the Scythian-Siberian pictorial tradition reproduced the age-related rollers of the horns of the Siberian goat (teke, bun) [Borodovsky, 2004, p. 138, fig. 3]. On the gold coating of a wooden product from Yustyd XII (Kubarev, 1991, Table XXI, 6), this ornament bears an even greater resemblance to a goat's horn. The image of the mountain goat among the Indo-European peoples was the embodiment of purity [Yetmar, 1986, p. 227] and a bright beginning.

No less interesting are the rosette-shaped plant ornaments on the triquesters of Black Anuya-3 and Maima XIX (see Figs. 2, 10, 11). A similar decoration is presented on a gold three-dimensional earring from the vicinity of Novoaltaysk (Dashkovsky, 1998, p.131, 132, Figs. 1, 2). The rosette image is widely distributed on wooden products from the Tuekta and Pazyryk mounds (Rudenko, 1960, p. 254, figs. 130, a, b, d, e). The plant ornament on the triquestra from Verkh-Elanda-2 (see Figs. 2, 12) is typical of the early Pazyryk burial complexes of the Central and Southern regions of Russia. Altai (Tuekta mounds, Ak-Alakha-3) [Kiryushin and Stepanova, 2004, p. 88].

In general, the decor of the triquesters of the Northern Altai reflects all the diversity of images of the Scythian-Siberian visual tradition.

Conclusion

Judging by the dating of the undisturbed burial complexes of Tuva, where triquesters were found, they were widespread throughout the entire period of existence of the Sagly culture (V-III centuries BC) [Grach, 1980, p. 36]. No less significant is the time when triquesters existed as part of the accompanying burial equipment from undisturbed burials of the northern local version of the Pazyryk archaeological culture of the lower Katun. Since these objects are bimetallic (bronze pommel and iron rod), they may well be considered as dating objects. The period of existence of such items of Scythian time does not go beyond the middle of the first millennium BC. e. Along with triquesters in the graves of Chultukov Log-1, related to the north locally-

4. Dating of triquest decor from the Chultuk Log-1 and Barangol-2 kurgan groups.

- a transformation of the solar ornamental motif (1 - 3 - Uygarak, mound 47; 4 - Novy Kumak, mound 47). 6; 5-Khemchik-Bom III, burial mounds 1, 2; 6-Vakulikhinsky "treasure"; 7-Pyatimary I, burial mound 8; 8-Tasmola V, burial mound 3; 9-Arzhan-2, mog. 5; 10-Arzhan-2, mog. 5; 11-Yanqhai (Shanshan); 12-Arzhan-2, 16-Minusinsk basin; 17-Kuylug-Khem-1, Kurgan. 22) [Smirnov, 2004, p. 428, fig. 1]; b-triquester from Chultukov Log-1; c-triquester from Barangol-4; d-chronological correlation of transformation of solar ornament [Smirnov, 2004, p. 430, Fig. 2].

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A variant of the Pazyryk archaeological culture, bimetallic akinaks (mound 36) and mirrors (mound 9) are known, which also existed no later than the middle of the first millennium BC. This dating does not contradict the chronology of solar decoration on triquestras (Fig. 4, d) and early Pazyryk plant ornaments. All this indicates a rather early appearance of the Pazyryk culture carriers on the lower Katun River. It is obvious that they quickly mastered the entire territory of Gorny Altai.

In addition to head ornaments, in Southern Siberia, the drawings corresponding to the images on triquesters were identified in petroglyphs (Devlet, 1988: 82, 83). Their semantics, according to M. A. Devlet, consisted in the idea of the cycle of life. Different versions of the solar ornament symbolize the worlds of the living and the dead. Ornithomorphic and zoomorphic images-mediators between the Upper and Middle Worlds-play an important role in these compositions. The similarity of the triquesters of Gorny Altai and Tuva (Chugunov, 2001, pp. 173-178) indicates not only active contacts or a common origin of the Saglyn and Pazyryk populations of the Early Iron Age, but also the ancient existence of one of the specific and sacred symbols in the South Siberian region, along with Central and Northern Europe.

The localization of triquesters exclusively in the Northern Altai allows us to consider them as one of the ethno-territorial features of the subject complex of carriers of the northern local version of the Pazyryk archaeological culture.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.03.09.

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